Which of the following is a common sign of fetal alcohol syndrome?

• A. Macrocephaly
• B. Intellectual disability and developmental delays
• C. Excessive weight gain
• D. Hyperactivity

Answer: (B)

Intellectual disability and developmental delays are hallmark characteristics of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). This condition arises from prenatal exposure to alcohol, which can severely affect brain development and function. Children with FAS often exhibit a spectrum of intellectual impairments that can range from mild learning disabilities to more profound intellectual disabilities. Developmental delays can manifest in various ways, including delays in speech and motor skills, social interactions, and adaptive functioning.

The neurotoxic effects of alcohol on the developing fetus can impair the formation of neural connections and the overall structure of the brain, leading to these cognitive and developmental challenges. While other symptoms might be associated with FAS, including growth deficiencies or behavioral issues, intellectual disability and developmental delays are the most consistent and recognizable signs that clinicians look for when diagnosing this syndrome.