Which immune response is involved in acute inflammatory nephritis (AIN)?

• A. Humoral immunity only
• B. Cell-mediated immunity only
• C. Both humoral and cell-mediated immunity
• D. No immune response is involved

Answer: (C)

Acute inflammatory nephritis (AIN) is characterized by inflammation of the renal interstitium which is often triggered by immune responses, typically in reaction to infections, medications, or autoimmune conditions. Both humoral and cell-mediated immune mechanisms play significant roles in the pathogenesis of AIN.

Humoral immunity involves the production of antibodies by B cells in response to antigens. In AIN, antibodies can target various antigens associated with renal cells, leading to immune complex formation and subsequent inflammation.

Cell-mediated immunity is primarily mediated by T cells and involves the recognition and destruction of infected or altered cells. In AIN, activated T cells can invade the renal interstitium and contribute to tissue damage through the release of cytokines that promote inflammation and recruit further immune cells to the site.

The simultaneous involvement of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity underscores the complex nature of AIN, where different components of the immune system interact and contribute to the inflammatory process affecting the kidneys. This combined action is crucial in the pathophysiology of AIN, making the response multifaceted rather than depending solely on one type of immunity.